ZIBALDONE di Davide: Poron sanasto + Forest Finnish Glossary

erotus = tilaisuus, jossa syksyllä tai talvella porot luetaan, ratkotaan eli erotetaan teuraat elämään jäävistä, teurastetaan tai kuohitaan ettoaminen = porojen kokoaminen erotusta varten kermikkä = vasa ensimmäisenä elintalvenaan kilkura = muovinen numerolaatta, joka laitetaan peuran kaulaan kirnu = erotusaidan pyöreä osa konttori = erotusaidan sivukarsina lukea = poronhoitolain 28 §:n mukaan kaikki porot pitää lukea eli selvittää kunkin omistajan porojen lukumäärä merkata = tehdä poron korviin puukolla merkki, joka koostuu erilaisista pykälistä yms. paliskunta = hallinnollinen yksikkö että porojen luonnollinen, rajoiltaan määrätty laidunalue; poronomistajat ovat paliskunnan osakkaita peura = poro, jolla ei ole merkkiä korvassa rokotus = porot lääkitään loisia vastaan räkkä = poroa ahdistavat lentävät hyönteiset tokka = satoja yksilöitä käsittävä porolauma tokkakunta = saamelaisporonhoidossa paliskunnalla ei ole niin suurta merkitystä, vaan porot hoidetaan tokkakunnittain; esimerkiksi suku hoitaa omat poronsa omana tokkanaan vaadin = kahta vuotta vanhempi naarasporo vasa = poro ensimmäisellä ikävuodellaan, paikoin vain ensimmäiseen syksyynsä vetää = vetää poro sarvista kiinni pitäen esimerkiksi konttoriinForest Finnish Glossary

 forest@smy.fi.

BC D EFGHIKLMNOPRSTUVW

Act on the Financing of Sustainable Forestry (kestävän metsätalouden rahoituslaki)

Allowable cut (hakkuusuunnite)is the maximum felling volume that can be removed from a forest area annually without endangering the sustainability of forestry. The allowable cut is generally calculated for a minimum period of ten years at a time.

AOXis the abbreviation of ‘adsorbable organic halogen’. This means the amount of chlorine that is bound in the organic compounds contained in the effluent water from an industrial plant. Thus, AOX does not mean the amount of harmful chlorine, but of all chlorine, and only part of AOX is harmful.

Archival paper (arkistopaperi)means any grade of paper which retains printed text indefinitely without fading.

Auditor, auditing specialist, auditing practitioner (auditoija)is an independent body which verifies whether a company complies with the standards and certifications to which it has committed itself.

Average growth (keskikasvu)is the mean annual growth of the standing stock of trees. In Southern Finland, for example, the average growth is something over five, and in Northern Finland about two cubic metres per hectare.

Average volume (keskitilavuus)is the mean volume of the growing stock of trees in a forest area. For example, the average volume of forests in Southern Finland is 122 cubic metres per hectare. The average volume of a stem means the average volume of stems removed in a felling.

Biodiversity (luonnon monimuotoisuus, biodiversiteetti)means three things: the genetic variation of species (genetic diversity), the variation of the number and abundance of species (diversity of species), and the variation of the characteristics and abundance of habitats (diversity of ecosystems).

Bioenergy (bioenergia)is energy generated by burning biomass, which most frequently means plants or plant residue. In Finland, the most important form of bioenergy is the black liquor, or spent or waste liquor, a liquid waste generated during pulp production, which consists of substances derived from the wood itself and of chemicals used in pulp production. The black liquor is burned in a recovery boiler, which allows the recovery and re-use of the chemicals. Normally, pulp mills cannot use all the energy generated in the recovery process, and the surplus is often led to the district heating networks of nearby housing estates or converted to electricity and led into the to electric networks. In fact, many Finnish forest industry towns are heated by a district heating system based on the use of a by-product from the forest industry. In pulp-making, the yield is generally about 50 percent, which means that half of the raw material used ends up as pulp, while the rest is used in energy production. The yield of mechanical pulp production is higher, about 90 percent. On the other hand, the making of mechanical pulp requires a great deal of energy, which means that these mills have to buy energy from external sources.

Biological oxygen demand (biologinen hapenkulutus)As organic matter enters waterways, the micro-organisms in the water begin to break it down with the help of oxygen. Biological oxygen demand means the volume of oxygen consumed by this activity; the more organic matter the waste water contains, the higher the biological oxygen demand is. Oxygen demand is important because, especially during winter, all oxygen in the water may be used up, which may lead to the mass death of the living organisms in the water. Biological oxygen demand is usually abbreviated as BOD. An index after the abbreviation signifies the number of days over which the oxygen demand is calculated. Thus, the abbreviation BOD7 means the oxygen consumed by a given sample of waste water in seven days. Chemical oxygen demand means the same as biological oxygen demand, except that here the oxygen is not consumed by micro-organisms, but by chemical reactions. The COD, as it is usually abbreviated, primarily describes the oxygen consumption by slowly-decaying organic compounds.

Bleaching (valkaisu)The pulp used as the raw material of paper is generally bleached, for otherwise paper would not be white and colour printing would result in muddy colours. Traditionally, pulp has been bleached with chlorine, but recently other methods have also been developed. Chlorine bleaching is only used in making EFC pulp (Elementally Chlorine Free), which means that the bleaching uses chlorine dioxide instead of elemental chlorine. TCF pulp (Total Chlorine Free) means that no chlorine or chlorine compounds have been used in bleaching. Oxygen bleaching is a method in which the bleaching is started with oxygen, which is followed by 4 to 5 other bleaching stages. In enzyme bleaching, the pulp first undergoes intensive boiling and oxygen bleaching, after which it is first bleached with enzymes and only after that comes the actual bleaching with other bleaching chemicals. Using enzymes makes it possible to avoid the use of chlorine compounds in the final bleaching. In peroxide bleaching, the pulp is bleached with hydrogen peroxide, which reduces or completely eliminates the need for chlorine bleaching.

Boards (levytuotteet)Many kinds of boards are manufactured from wood and by-products of the forestry industry. Fibreboard, such as Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) is a construction board manufactured of chips and often coated. Chipboard or particleboard is a board manufactured by compressing thin chips together with resin size, and used in furniture, shelving, doors, floors and intermediate walls, for example. Glue board is manufactured by gluing strips together by their narrow edges. Blockboard is a glue board with a glued veneer on both sides. It is no longer manufactured in Finland.

BOD(BHK)is the abbreviation of ‘biological oxygen demand’.

Brush fire (kulo)is a forest fire spreading on the ground and in the undergrowth. Controlled burning, on the other hand, means the deliberate burning of logging residue and retained trees, surface vegetation and humus after a regeneration felling. The purpose of controlled burning is to give a better start to the growth of a new tree generation or to simulate a natural forest fire, in order that species adapted to periodic fires should have a better chance of surviving.

Chemical forest industry (kemiallinen metsäteollisuus)

Chlorine, chlorine bleaching, chlorine dioxide (kloori, kloorivalkaisu, klooridioksidi)

Clearcutting, clear felling (avohakkuu)means the felling of all or nearly all trees in a forest, depending on the guidelines of forestry management. In Finland, the growth of a new forest must always be ensured after clearcutting.

COD (KHK)is the abbreviation of ‘chemical oxygen demand’.

Compartment (kuvio)is a section of forest with homogeneous growth conditions and tree species. It may also be called stand compartment or stand. The size of compartments varies; in Southern Finland the average size is 2 to 3 hectares. Compartments are marked in forestry maps, and forest management plans are made according to their growing conditions.

Consumer packaging board (kuluttajapakkauskartonki)

Corrugated board (aaltopahvi)is packaging board made to withstand outdoor conditions. It is used, among others, in ordinary transport boxes.

CTMPis the abbreviation of 'chemithermomechanical pulp’.

De-branching(karsinta)means the cutting of branches from a tree that has been felled. The cutting of the dry lower branches from a standing tree, without felling the tree, is called dry pruning. Its purpose is to improve the quality of the tree base.

Defoliation (harsuuntuminen)means the loss of needles or leaves from trees. It may be due to air pollution, but also to natural factors. Defoliation is estimated visually. The degree of defoliation is expressed as a percentage which denotes the proportion of needles or leaves lost in comparison to the normal volume. A tree is considered to be defoliated if it has lost at least one fifth of its needles or leaves.

De-inking, de-inking loss, de-inking pulp, de-inking waste (siistaus, siistaushäviö, siistausmassa, siistausjäte)

Diameter breast height, d.b.h. (rinnankorkeusläpimitta)or breast height diameter, is the diameter of the tree stem at a height of 1.3 metres, measured either from ground or the root collar of the tree.

ECFbleachingis the abbreviation of ‘elementally chlorine free’ and is used to describe a process in which pulp is bleached with chlorine dioxide.

Engineered Wood Product (insinööripuutuote)An Engineered Wood Product (EWP) is a construction component made of wood by gluing. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is made of a veneer-based material such as plywood. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL), used to construct building frames, is manufactured by chipping wood with bark. The chips are dried and aired and then compressed into the desired shape. I beams, manufactured in a process with many stages, are used as beams for base and intermediate floors in houses and as support structures in concrete moulds.

Enzyme bleaching (entsyymivalkaisu)is a process of bleaching the pulp with enzymes before the actual bleaching. After enzyme bleaching, the pulp can be bleached without chlorine compounds.

Federation of forest owners (metsänomistajain liitto)

Felling year (hakkuuvuosi)is a period of 12 months, starting at the beginning of July and ending at the end of June.

FFCSis the abbreviation of the Finnish Forest Certification System.

Fibre (kuitu)is the cell of a tree and the main raw material of paper. In paper manufacturing, the wood is first defibrated, or pulped, in the pulp mill. This means that the fibres are separated from each other either chemically or mechanically. After that, pulp is manufactured from the defibrated wood by drying the water-fibre mixture. At the paper mill, the desired grade of paper can be manufactured by selecting between different types of pulp. At first the pulp is fed into the pulper. Here it is mixed with water and then fed through the end box of the paper machine onto the wire – a plastic or metal mesh – together with water. The mixture usually contains only a few per cent of fibre, while the rest is water. This allows the pulp to be spread evenly. Reject from paper manufacturing is also fed into the pulper. The reject includes the cutting waste from the dry end of the paper machine. From the wire, the mixture is moved forward in the paper machine, which creates a continuous band of paper called the paper web. The rest of the manufacturing process is mainly designed to dry the mixture. As water is removed, the fibres bond to each other by means of electrical bonds. Once the water content of the mixture is down to about 60 percent, it begins to hold together of itself. The water content of finished paper is normally 10 percent. The most important parts of wood fibre are hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Cellulose is the material of the cell wall, which provides the mechanical support needed by the cell. Lignin is a bonding material found in wood, which binds the fibres together and gives them strength. Thus, cellulose and lignin “hold the tree up”.

Finger joint, finger-jointed wood (sormiliitos, sormijatkettu puu)A finger joint is made to join two planks or similar glued laminated products at their ends, by sawing the ends into finger-like protrusions which fit into each other and gluing them together. Finger-jointed wood means timber assembled with finger joints, which is used in construction and in furniture manufacturing, among others.

First thinning (ensiharvennus)means the first thinning during the rotation period.

Fluff pulp (fluff-massa, revinnäissellu)is a type of pulp used in diapers and sanitary towels.

Fluting (aallotuskartonki)is the name used for the wavy layer of corrugated board.

Forest certification (metsäsertifiointi)is a procedure for proving to the buyer of wood products that the raw material used for the product comes from a forest which is managed in a certain manner. The forest certification standard is a public directive on the management of certified forests. Whether the management complies with the directive is determined by an auditing company, auditor, auditing specialist or auditing practitioner, which is independent of the wood product production chain and accredited by the body responsible for the certification. If forest management activity and the transport of the wood raw material from the forest to the manufacturing plant comply with the standard, the product or its packaging may be labelled as certified. 95 percent of Finland’s commercial forests are certified under the Finnish Forest Certification System (FFCS), which is part of the Programme for Endorsement of Certification Schemes (PEFC). The area of Finnish forests certified under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) system is about 10,000 hectares. The aim of both systems is that forest management complies with sustainable development.

Forest holding (metsälö)is the collective term for the forests belonging to one farm.

Forest industry (metsäteollisuus)is generally divided into mechanical and chemical forest industry. Mechanical forest industry includes sawmill, plywood, chipboard, fibreboard, wood construction products and construction industries. Mechanical forest industry is also called wood products industry. Chemical forest industry means pulp and paper industry.

Forest industry integrate (metsäteollisuuden integraatti)

Forest legislation (metsälainsäädäntö)According to the general conception, the forest legislation in Finland includes the following: Forest Act, Act on the Financing of Sustainable Forestry, Act on Metsähallitus and Forest And Park Services, Act on Forestry Centres and the Forestry Development Centre, and Forest Management Association Act. Forestry is also regulated by means of taxation law, Act on the Prevention of Insect and Fungous Damage in the Forest, Act on Trade in Forest Reproductive Material, Nature Conservation Act, Land Use and Building Act and Environmental Protection Act. The Forest Act is the primary act regulating the use of commercial forest. It is enforced by the regional forestry centres. The Nature Conservation Act only regulates the use and management of nature conservation areas. Public authorities can use the Act on the Financing of Sustainable Forestry to support forest management. Such support may be regarded as an investment by society which yields a good return. However, the fundamental reason for the support is that the management of family-owned forests is supra-generational by nature. Very often, the financial benefit from forestry management is only derived by the subsequent generations, and this is why society has deemed it necessary to provide support in order to safeguard the continuity of forestry in Finland.

Forest management association (metsänhoitoyhdistys)is formed by the forest owners in a certain geographical area, in general, one or a couple of municipalities. The forest management associations are governed by law, and forest owners are obliged to pay the membership fee of an association, called a forest management fee, although membership in itself is not obligatory. The forest management associations also sell their services to forest owners. Farms of less than four hectares are exempted from the forest management fee; likewise, well-managed farms may be exempted. Exemption is granted on application by the regional Forestry Centre. In Southern Finland, the forest management fee is about 3.5 euros per forest hectare per year. The forest management associations are members in regional federations of forest owners, of which there are 14 in Finland.

Forest planning (metsäsuunnittelu)The starting-point of forest planning are the forest owner’s goals. About 70 percent of the family-owned forest holdings in Finland have a forest plan. The plan generally covers a period of ten years and defines the activity on each of the forest holding's compartments during each year. Regional plans cover either individual farms or larger unbroken areas. Regional Forest Programmes, in their turn, are drawn up for each province under the Forestry Centres and in broad co-operation with all stakeholders, such as citizens and civil society organisations. The forests owned by the Government and industrial companies are also subject to a similar planning. Regional Natural Resource Plans are drawn up for state-owned multifunctional-use forests in regional stakeholder co-operation; they define how state forests are to be used, how much wood will be felled and on which sites, among other things. The goals of the Finnish forest policy are laid down in the National Forest Programme, the first of which was written in the 1950s. The latest of these is the National Forest Programme 2010.

Forest taxation (metsäverotus)In Finland forest taxation is based on the net income from sales of timber. Its tax base is equal to capital tax.

Forest tree improvement (metsänjalostus)means the genetic improvement of trees.

Forestry Centre (Metsäkeskus)is a regional Government authority, with the task of enforcing the Forest Act and of promoting sustainable forestry. The forestry centres are mainly funded by the government. There are 13 forestry centres in Finland.

FSCis the abbreviation of the Forest Stewardship Council, which is a forest certification system.Glue board (liimalevy)

Glued laminated timber (liimapuu)is a product used in the load-bearing structures of buildings; it is manufactured from layers by gluing.

Greenhouse effect (kasvihuoneilmiö)means the ability of the atmosphere to retain Sun’s radiation reflected from Earth. The acceleration of the greenhouse effect means that the atmosphere is able to retain more of the radiation. The greenhouse effect is necessary for all life on Earth. In contrast, the acceleration of the greenhouse effect is harmful if it increases the temperature of the atmosphere. The acceleration of the greenhouse effect is called the climate change and is affected by certain atmospheric gases. From the point of view of quantity, the most significant of them is carbon dioxide. If the volume of atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, the greenhouse effect may be accelerated. Carbon dioxide is created by burning carbon-containing fuels. The burning of biomass, such as wood, does not increase the volume of atmospheric carbon, if we make sure that new biomass is grown to replace the biomass used.

Growth categories of forestry land (metsätalouden maan kasvuluokat)In Finland, forestry land is divided into three growth categories. On forest land, or productive forest, the average increment (tree growth) is over one cubic metre per year. On scrubland, or low-productive forest, this figure is 0.1–1 cubic metres and on waste land, or non-productive forest under 0.1 cubic metres per year. Forest and scrub land together are often called forest.

Habitat of special importance (erityisen tärkeä elinympäristö)or key biotope, or valuable habitat, is a small area valuable for natural biodiversity. It contains more than the usual number of rare and demanding species. Among others, herb-rich forests and brooks in their natural state are very often habitats of special importance. The Forest Act defines a number of habitats of special importance, whose specific characteristics must be preserved either through protection or maintenance.

Harvester (hakkuukone)In mechanical harvesting there are two kind of forest machines used, harvesters and forest tractors. Harvester is a machine operated by one person. It is used to fell, de-branch, cut in preferred lenghts and to measure the volume of the trees. Harvester also sorts the cut timber into piles by timber grade. The forest tractor in its turn transports the logs to the intermediate storage site, most commonly a wood pile beside the nearest logging road within a distance of 100–500 meters from the harvesting site. The combination of harvester and forest tractors is called the harvesting chain, and the work carried out by them is called harvesting. The same work can be carried out by a lumberjack and a forest tractor, but in Finland 95 percent of harvesting work is done by harvesters. The harvester is also called a multi-function or multi-process machine and forest tractor is also called forwarder or skidder.

Harvesting (korjuu)means the felling of trees and transporting them from the forest to an intermediate storage site. The transport of wood from the intermediate storage to where it will be used, such as a mill, is called long-distance transport.

Harvesting methods (puunkorjuumenetelmät)In principle, there are two methods of harvesting wood: the tree-length method and the Nordic cut-to-length method, or shortwood logging or assortment method. The latter one is generally used in Finland and the Nordic countries. In this, the tree stems are cut on site to the measurements desired by the user. In the tree-length method, the stems will only be cut to measure on the intermediate storage site or at the ultimate point of use. The tree-length method is common outside the Nordic countries.

Harvesting period (korjuuaika)means the period during which the felling must be carried out after the felling rights have been obtained by a timber buyer. In Finland it is generally two years.

Impregnated wood (kestopuu)is wood treated with chemicals to protect it from decay. This treatment is called impregnation.

Improvement of young stands (nuoren metsän hoito)means the clearing and thinning of a seedling stand about 20 years of age. Clearing means the removal of unwanted seedlings from the stand, and it is generally carried out by a powered clearing saw.

Insulation board (eristyspahvi)is porous and flexible paper used in construction.

Insulation paper (eristyspaperi)such as cable paper, is used to insulate electric cables.

Integrated forest industries (integroitunut metsäteollisuus)The integration of the forest industry means the interlinkages between the pulp and paper industry on the one hand and the sawmill industry on the other hand. The reason for integration has to do with the characteristics of wood fibres. The best fibre for the pulp and paper industry is located in the outer parts of logs, while the sawmill industry can best use the inner parts. Therefore it makes sense to arrange both pulp and paper industry and sawmill industry in such a way that the sawmill waste, i.e., the outer parts, are sent for use in the pulp and paper mills as flexibly as possible. The profitability of the different sections of integrated forest industry is closely linked to one another.

Inventorying (inventointi)means the measuring or estimating the forest resources. In Finland, the most important inventorying process is the National Forest Inventory NFI (VMI in Finnish), a process that takes several years, during which the forest resources of the whole country are estimated. The first National Forest Inventory was carried out in the early 1920s. The process under way in 2007 is the ninth, called VMI IX. The VMI comprises several aspects, such as estimating the number and growth of trees, forest health and variables linked with biodiversity. Other inventorying processes include various estimations of threatened species and their status. They also include estimating the number of threatened habitats.

Key biotope (avainbiotooppi)is a small area which is important for natural biodiversity

KOK, KOT (koivukuitu, koivutukki)are abbreviations of different timber grades for roundwood birch: birch pulpwood log or small-diameter birch, and birch timber log, respectively.

Kraft fluting(aallotusvoimapaperi)is strong, corrugated paper made of kraft pulp.

KUK, KUT (kuusikuitu, kuusitukki)are abbreviations of different timber grades for roundwood spruce: spruce pulpwood or small-diameter spruce, and spruce timber log, respectively.Laminated Strand Lumber, LSL

Layer (lamelli)is a sawn-off strip of wood, generally used as the raw material of various glued wood products, such as laminated logs.

Logging residue (hakkuutähde)means the wood left in the forest after logging, such as the tree crowns and the parts of stem which cannot be used for processing.Magazine paper (aikakauslehtipaperi)is paper used for magazines and printed advertising matter.

MEKis the abbreviation of a timber grade called forest energy timber.

MetsähallitusMetsähallitus is a state-owned enterprise which manages the forest property of the Republic of Finland. The management of the multifunctional use forests of Metsähallitus is controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, while the management of the nature conservation areas is controlled by the Ministry of the Environment. In addition, Metsähallitus has units for the recreational use of forests, marketing and selling soil and aggregates and respective products, seedling production and sales of construction sites.

Metsäliittois a co-operative formed by 130,000 Finnish family forest owners. Metsäliitto carries on wood product, pulp, paper, paperboard and tissue industry. Subsidiaries of the co-operative include the paper company M-real, the tissue company Metsä-Tissue and the pulp company Metsä-Botnia, which is owned jointly by Metsäliitto and UPM.

MyllykoskiMyllykoski is a family-owned, international paper manufacturing company, the mills of which are located in Finland, Germany, Switzerland and the United States. The company manufactures coated and uncoated paper grades made of mechanical pulp, as well as newsprint papers.

MÄK, MÄT (mäntykuitu, mäntytukki)are abbreviations of different timber grades for roundwood pine: pine pulpwood log or small-diameter pine, and pine timber log, respectively.National forest inventory, NFI (Valtakunnan metsien inventointi, VMI)

National Forest Programme, NFP (kansallinen metsäohjelma)

Natural resource plan, NRP (luonnonvarasuunnitelma)

Notification of forest use (metsänkäyttöilmoitus)In Finland the notification of forest use is an obligatory notification of work to be carried out in the forest. It must be submitted by the forest owner to the Forestry Centre not later than two weeks before the beginning of work.

Number of stems (runkoluku)is the number of growing trees per hectare.

Nurse crop (verhopuusto)consists of deciduous trees or shelterwood left to protect spruce seedlings. The nurse crop is removed once the spruce seedlings are strong enough to withstand frost.Offset paper (offset-paperi)

Operating rate (käyntiaste)is a percentage derived by dividing the annual operating hours of a mill by the total number of hours in a year. If the mill operates for 2,000 hours during a year, its operating rate is 2,000 : 8,640, or 23 percent.

Oxygen bleaching (happivalkaisu)Packaging board (pakkauskartonki)

Paper grades (paperilajit)Magazine paper is paper used for magazines and advertising brochures. The main grades of magazine paper are wood-containing, light-weight coated paper (LWC) and supercalendered or calendered, but uncoated paper (SC). Archival paper means any grade of paper which retains printed text indefinitely without fading. Special papers include papers processed as household and sanitary paper, wallpaper base paper, label paper, sack paper, wrapping paper, packaging paper, envelope paper, flexible packaging paper or industrial papers. Insulation paper, such as cable paper, is used to insulate electric cables. Fine paper is paper made of pulp which generally contains no more than one tenth of mechanical pulp. Good-quality printing and writing papers and copier papers are examples of fine papers. HiFi paper is machine-calendered newsprint. Hygiene papers are soft grades called tissues – such as toilet and kitchen paper and hand or facial towels – which have a good absorption ability, disintegrate rapidly in water and are recyclable as biomass. Lightweight printing paper is used in telephone directories and printed matter transported by air mail, for example. Offset paper is paper meant for offset printing. Printing paper is any grade of paper used for printing. Sack paper is uncalendered kraft paper. Art paper is wood-free printing paper used for four-colour printing.

Paperboard grades (kartonki- ja pahvilajit)Paperboard, also called board or cardboard, is a fairly thick and rough, often multi-layered paper, which is used in packaging, for example. Corrugated board is used in packaging and is made to withstand outdoor conditions. It is used, among others, in ordinary transport boxes. Corrugated board generally consists of two smooth layers or liners, or of stronger kraftliner, and a corrugated layer between them, but a double corrugated board contains two corrugated layers between three liners. The intermediate layer of corrugated board is made of fluting. Kraft fluting is a strong, corrugated paper made of kraft pulp. Insulation board is a porous and flexible paper used in construction and usually made of coated kraft paper. Painting board is board or paper with two layers with a different pulp composition or fillers or both. Packaging board is of two kinds: consumer packaging board, such as the boxboard used in cereal boxes, and transport packaging board, such as fluting and liner. Folding boxboard is a type of consumer packaging board used in boxes and consisting of several layers. Wallpaperis a two-layered board used when papering walls. Container board is a heavy packaging paper, the outer layer of which is often made of kraftliner. Kraft paper is strong paper made of pulp that is almost completely unbleached.

Periodic cover silviculture (jaksollinen metsänkasvatus)During the 20th century Finnish forestry gradually introduced a form of forest management in which the forest is managed in cycles called rotation periods, ending in forest regeneration. The purpose of this is to simulate the natural development of a forest, called succession, during which several succession stages and habitats follow each another. The rotation period ends in a regeneration felling, which is also considered the beginning of forest regeneration. A regeneration felling may include the removal of all or almost all trees (clearcutting or clear felling) depending on the guidelines of forestry management, but seedling trees or mother trees (seedling felling) or shelterwood (shelterwood felling) may also be left unfelled. Leaving seedling and shelterwood trees unfelled means that the regeneration is called natural, because the new trees are seedled naturally. In a seedling felling, 50 to 150 seedling trees are left per hectare. The seeds from these trees will grow into a new forest after the final felling. Shelterwood felling is used when felling spruce, if the intention is to generate a new spruce stand on the site. In shelterwood felling, 200 to 400 shelter trees per hectare are normally left, to protect the spruce seedlings, which prefer shade. After a final felling the forest is either cultivated – which means either sowing or planting – or allowed to regenerate naturally, in the case of seedling felling. Once the stand has become stabilised, the seedling trees and shelterwood are removed in a cutting of hold-overs. The first trees to spread naturally onto a felling site are called pioneer trees. In connection with regeneration, the soil is often prepared. The normal rotation period in Southern Finland is 60 to 80 years. At the end of the rotation period, the forest is called mature or regeneration-ready. During the rotation period of a forest area, seedling stands are tended and thinnings are carried out. See also Thinning. Watch a video on sowing of pine. Watch a video on planting of forest.

Ploughing (auraus)is a method of soil preparation, in which the soil surface is broken and turned.

Plywood (vaneri)is made by gluing several layers of veneer on top of each other. Softwood plywood is made of softwood only, generally spruce. The most common type of plywood is cross-veneer plywood, in which the grains in adjacent veneers are placed cross-wise.

Programme for Endorsement of Certification Schemes, PEFC

Protection forest (suojametsä)means certain forests in Upper Lapland, which are close to the alpine timber line – this is the northernmost limit beyond which forest trees cannot survive due to the climate. Protection forests have been defined by law; the law also contains a definition of how protection forests may be managed. The purpose of the law is to make sure that the alpine timber line will not move further south.

Pulp (massa)is an intermediate product made of wood, and is most commonly used as raw material for paper. The properties of pulp depend on the species of tree and the manufacturing method used. The properties of paper may be modified by modifying the pulp used. Mechanical, or groundwood pulp is manufactured mechanically, which means that the wood is ground so as to separate the fibres from each other. Chemical pulp is manufactured through separating the fibres by boiling wood chips and chemicals together. Mechanical and refiner mechanical pulp are made by grinding. Chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) or chemi- mechanical refiner pulp is so-called semi-chemical pulp: the chips are first treated by chemicals, after which the pulp is manufactured mechanically, in the case of CTMP by grinding. Wood-free pulp or paper is a product whose raw material does not include mechanical pulp, while wood-containing pulp or paper does include it. Reinforcement pulp is made of softwood. Its purpose is to add body to the paper; it gives the paper strength, which is needed when it is used for printing, for example. Special pulp is used for the manufacturing of other products besides conventional paper, such as textiles. Fluff pulp is used in diapers and sanitary towels. Kraft pulp is unbleached sulphate pulp. Market pulp is any pulp that the company does not use in its domestic mills and that it sells on the market or transports to its mills in other countries.

Recycled fibre paper (uusiopaperi)is manufactured of recycled fibre. Recycled fibre is derived from recycled paper, while primary fibre is derived from the forest, for example. Primary fibre is also called virgin fibre. The manufacturing of recycled fibre paper mostly begins with pulping, which creates recycled pulp. After this comes de-inking, during which printing ink and impurities are removed from the recycled pulp formed by the recycled fibres. De-inking causes a de-inking loss of 10 to 40 percent of the recycled pulp, which is due to the fibres being damaged and broken, for example; the rejected portion is burned to produce energy. It is estimated that an individual tree fibre can withstand 3 to 7 recycling cycles at a maximum, after which it is lost. Thus, de-inking produces de-inked pulp used in paper manufacturing, energy and de-inking waste, which is stored in a landfill.

Regeneration-ready forest (hakkuukypsä metsä)means a forest which is ripe for regeneration.

Regional Forest Programme (alueellinen metsäohjelma)is a development plan concerning the entire forestry sector within the area covered by a Forestry Centre. The programme harmonises the requirements of economic, social and ecological sustainability.

Regional Plan (aluesuunnitelma)is a forestry plan which covers an unbroken forest area of about 2,000 to 5,000 hectares.

Reinforcement pulp (armeerausmassa)is softwood pulp, used to make paper stronger.

Reinforcing (lujittaminen)Reinforcing means the strengthening of paper either by coating or by mixing glass, synthetic fibres or metal into the paper.

Retention tree (säästöpuu, jättöpuu)is a tree left permanently standing in connection with regeneration felling; their purpose is to promote biodiversity. Retention trees are often left standing in a group.

Root rot (maannousema)(Heterobasidion) is a fungus which causes decay in the base of coniferous species. Root rot is most frequent in spruce stands in Southern Finland, but is also found in pine stands in Eastern Finland. Root rot is borne by air and spreads into the root systems of trees through stumps, but it can be prevented by using the harvester’s chain to transmit spores of the Phlebiopsis gigantea fungus, a natural enemy of root rot, into the tree stump.

Rotation period (kiertoaika)Sack paper (säkkipaperi)

Seed bearer, seedling tree, seedling felling (siemenpuu, siemenpuuhakkuu)

Selection cutting (harsinta, harsintahakkuu)means a cutting to remove only the largest trees from the forest. Selection cuttings were carried out in Finland in the first decades of the 20th century, but they were forbidden in the Forest Act of 1927, because it is feared that selection cutting weakens the genetic stock of trees.

Soil preparation (muokkaus)means the breaking of the soil after a regeneration felling. Its purpose is to safeguard the growth of a new generation of trees during their first years. Screefing, or scalping, means the removal of the topsoil down to the mineral soil from a patch which may be 30 x 30 cm in size. On a patch like this, the seedling or seed is able to push its roots directly into the mineral soil, and it is also less disturbed by undergrowth. In mounding, a good-sized hole is scooped into the soil with an excavator or a hoe and the soil is turned upside down next to the hole; the seedling is then planted on top of this mound. Mounding is generally used in waterlogged areas. In harrowing, the soil surface is turned to create shallow furrows, into which the new trees are planted or sown. In ploughing, the surface of the soil is also turned, but ploughing is no longer as heavy as during the 1960s, for example.

Stand compartment, stand (metsikkökuvio, metsikkö)

Stand marked for harvesting (leimikko)Forest areas to be harvested are marked before the start of work. Earlier, each tree in the stand was marked individually either to be harvested or to be saved. Nowadays, stands are marked in the forestry maps, and the ”marking” is one of the tasks of the harvester operator, in that he or she decides which trees are cut and which saved. The most modern method of defining a stand for harvesting is to walk its boundaries in the terrain with a GPS device, which transmits the information into a GIS system. This is an electronic map containing a wealth of information, some of which may be transmitted electronically to a map shown on the harvester’s VDU. The same method is used to indicate areas to be avoided, such as natural sites to be spared.

Stora EnsoThe forest company Stora Enso was created through the merger of the Swedish Stora company and the Finnish Enso company.

Strip road (ajoura)is a track in the forest along which the felled timber is taken away. A harvester separates and sorts the timber into piles beside the strip road, and a forest tractor then collects it to an intermediate storage, most often beside a logging road. The strip roads are planned before logging by the harvester operator or the logger.

Supercalendered paper, SC (superkalanteroitu paperi)

Sustainable development, sustainable forestry, sustainable wood production (kestävä kehitys, kestävä metsätalous, kestävä puuntuotanto)Sustainable development means that the activity of the present generations does not weaken, and preferably improves, the conditions of life for future generations. Sustainable development, or sustainability, is usually divided into three aspects: ecological, economic and social sustainability. Sustainability is not the sum of these three aspects, but their result: if the sustainability of one aspect is zero, the other two aspects will also fail to reach sustainability. Sustainable wood production means that no more wood is removed from the forest than can be reproduced through growth. Sustainable wood production must be examined over a sufficiently long time period. If you look at a regeneration felling, then certainly more wood is removed than will be replaced by growth for a many years. On the other hand, if wood production is sustainable, the growth of the forest during its rotation period is at least as much as the volume felled. On the other hand, even over a long period of time cutting may not exceed growth, because wood is also removed from the forests in other ways besides felling. To determine the sustainable level, natural drain, felling losses and growth which cannot be felled for one reason or another, must all be subtracted from the growth volume. The volume thus arrived at is the upper limit of felling.Tending of seedling stands (taimikonhoito)means cleaning the brush and thinning the stand to a suitable growth density. This is done to ensure that the seedlings get enough sunlight and space to grow well. For example, it is recommended that a spruce seedling stand should be thinned when the heigh of the tree plants is 4–5 metres. Tending the seedling stand at the right time increases the profitability of the first thinning, which is done several years afterwards, and thus, the forest yield. If the tending of seedling stand is not done at all or is done badly, improvement of young stand is needed before the first thinning can be done. See also periodic cover silviculture.

Thinning (harvennushakkuu)During a thinning, also called intermediate felling, an average of 30 per cent of the trees in a forest are removed. The purpose of thinning is to improve the growth and quality of the remaining trees. During the rotation period of a forest, 2 to 3 thinnings are normally carried out. The first thinning is carried out 30 to 40 years after regeneration. If the maintenance of the seedling stand has been timely and careful, the first thinning usually produces enough saleable wood to be profitable. See also Periodic cover silviculture.

Timber grades (puutavaralajit)In Finland there are two grades of roundwood timber for each tree species: logs and pulpwood, or small-diameter wood. Each of these has a three-letter abbreviation in Finnish, where the two first letters denote the species. Thus, pine log is abbreviated MÄT, pulpwood pine MÄK, spruce log KUT, pulpwood spruce KUK, birch log KOT, and pulpwood birch KOK. Pulpwood is derived from small-diameter trees and the crowns of large trees. Large-sized wood of poor quality is also used as pulpwood. Pulpwood is used to manufacture pulp. Saw-timber tree is a tree which yields at least one log, i.e., a straight four-metre stem whose minimum top diameter is 15 cm – or, in the case of small-diameter logs, even smaller. Less common grades of timber include spars, which are larger than pulpwood but smaller than logs; poles, which are longer than logs; split or firewood billets; veneer or peeler blocks, which are larger-than-usual spruce or birch logs used for plywood; and Egyptian balks. Egyptian balk means a balk with a minimum thickness of 75 mm and a cross-section which is approximately square in shape. Its length is 3 to 6,7 metres. Almost all of the production is exported to Egypt. Battens are planks produced in sawing, with a thickness of 38 to 175 mm. The most recent timber grade is forest energy timber, which is abbreviated as MEK.

Timber sales agreement (puukauppa)Trees may be sold either standing or by sale at delivey price. In a sale at delivery price, the forest owner is responsible for harvesting the trees, while in a standing sale it is the buyer’s responsibility. In a sale at delivery price, the price of the wood is called the delivery price, in a standing sale it is called the stumpage price, because the tree is sold while still attached to its stump. The delivery price is higher than the stumpage price. The deed of sale made in connection of a standing sale is called a felling agreement, because in fact the forest owner gives the timber buyer the right to fell and use or sell the trees defined in the agreement, against the price agreed.

Transport packaging board (kuljetuspakkauskartonki)

Tree-length method (kokorunkomenetelmä)Undergrowth (alikasvos)consists of trees which are clearly smaller and younger than the predominant trees in the forest. Clearing generally means the removal of undergrowth and non-viable seedlings after a final felling, and it is carried out by a powered clearing saw or a brush hook.

UPMThe forest company UPM was created through the merger of the United Paper Mills (UPM) and the Kymmene company. At first, it was called UPM-Kymmene. UPM carries on paper manufacturing and wood products industry. Together with Metsäliitto, it owns the pulp company Metsä-Botnia.

Utilisation rate (käyttöaste)is the proportion of recycled paper used by a mill to the volume of paper produced by that mill.Valuable habitat (tärkeä elinympäristö)

Veneer (viilu)is a thin ”plate” of wood, cut or “peeled” from the surface of a rotating veneer or peeler block, rather like slicing cheese with a cheese slicer. A veneer block is a length of stemwood with a quality and dimensions which make it suitable for turning. When the veneer block has produced as much veneer as possible, a thin stem remains. This is called a veneer or peeler core. Veneer is used in furniture-making and also to make plywood.

Virgin fibre (neitseellinen kuitu)Wallpaper (tapettikartonki)

Waste liquor (jäteliemi) is the same as black liquor.